AP Language(4)
Winter Break Assignment
1. Existentialism is a term applied to the work of certain
late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,
shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not
merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual.
2. Existence precedes essence, has primacy over essence. Man is a
conscious subject, rather than a thing to be predicted or manipulated; he
exists as a conscious being, and not in accordance with any definition essence,
generalization, or system.
Anxiety or anguish, a generalized uneasiness, a fear or dread
which is not directed to
any specific object. Anguish is the dread of the nothingness of
human existence.
Absurdity. To exist as a human being is inexplicable, and wholly
absurd. Each of us is
simply here, thrown into this time and place—but why now?
Nothingness or the void. If no essences define me, and if, then,
as an existentialist, I
reject all of the philosophies, sciences, political theories, and
religions which fail to
reflect my existence as conscious being and attempt to impose a
specific essentialist
structure upon me and my world, then there is nothing that
structures my world. I am my
own existence, but my existence is a nothingness
Death. Nothingness in the form of death, which is my final
nothingness, hangs over me
like a sword of Damocles at each moment of my life. Death is my
total nonexistence.
Death is as absurd as birth—it is no ultimate, authentic moment of
my life, it is nothing
but the wiping out of my existence as conscious being.
Alienation or estrangement. We are hemmed in by a world of things
which are opaque to us and which we cannot understand. We are also
estranged from human institutions—bureaucratized government on the federal,
state, and local levels, national political parties, giant business
corporations, national religious organizations—all of these appear to be vast,
impersonal sources of power which a life of their own.
3. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
is arguably both the father of existentialism and of modern
psychology.
4. Jean-Paul Sartre was a French novelist and philosopher who is
perhaps most famous for his development and defense of atheistic existential
philosophy
5. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was a German philosopher
of the late 19th century who challenged the foundations of Christianity and
traditional morality.
6. Christian existentialism is a theo-philosophical movement which
takes an existentialist approach to Christian theology. The school of thought
is often traced back to the work of the Danish philosopher and theologian Søren
kieregaard (1813–1855), who is considered the father of existentialism.
7. Sartre doesn't
believe in object ethics standards like the ethics set up by the church,
because each man interprets in his own way what these ethical standards
mean. Kierkegaard was a truly religious man. He believed that a
person was religious to the degree that he had real faith. Faith
was what determined whether one was religious, not what one thought, not going
to church on Sundays. Our freedom is based on our faith. If you
have ever known people who had no faith, they certainly weren't free people.
8. Albert Camus was the French Algerian philosopher, author and
journalist, much renowned worldwide for his contribution in the field of
literature. His idea of the absurd marked his first significant contribution to
philosophy. He looked it as the result of the desires for clarity and meaning
within the world and condition which was completely absent. Albert expressed
the same in ‘The Myth of Sisyphus’, followed by ‘The Stranger’ and ‘The
Plague’.
9. Albert Camus' idea of morality in 'The Stranger' is completely
unconventional and this can be seen through the protagonist who is a total
embarrassment to the society in which he finds himself. The irrationality of
the universe; the meaninglessness of human life; the importance of the physical
world.
10. Algeria, officially
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa on the
Mediterranean coast. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers. The French
ruled Algeria, until they won their independence. A flight form Algiers,
Algeria to Los Angeles would take16h 50minutes.
11. The guillotine between 1954 and 1962, only in the city of Algiers
and only in the prison of Barbarossa, more than 64 Algerians were sent to the
guillotine. Wasn't abolished until the 1980s.
12. Albert Camus's The
Stranger inspires the Cures's "Killing an Arab."
13. "Killing
An Arab"
Standing on the beach
With a gun in my hand
Staring at the sea
Staring at the sand
Staring down the barrel
At the arab on the ground
I can see his open mouth
But I hear no sound
I'm alive
I'm dead
I'm the stranger
Killing an arab
I can turn
And walk away
Or I can fire the gun
Staring at the sky
Staring at the sun
Whichever I chose
It amounts to the same
Absolutely nothing
I'm alive
I'm dead
I'm the stranger
Killing an arab
I feel the steel butt jump
Smooth in my hand
Staring at the sea
Staring at the sand
Staring at myself
Reflected in the eyes
Of the dead man on the beach
The dead man on the beach
I'm alive
I'm dead
I'm the stranger
Killing an arab
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
14. Groundhog Day, Citizen
Kane, The Matrix, and The Truman Show.
Winter Break pt2
1. The Salem witch
trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 200
people were accused of practicing witchcraft. It is 3001 miles away from
here and would take 43/44 hours to get there.
2. Witchcraft was
considered to be a very bad thing. people who were suspected of witchcraft were
thought to be under the control of Satan, with whom they had made a pact.
Sometimes things like epidemics of disease in humans or animals, bad harvests,
and other misfortunes, were blamed on witchcraft
3.
- Bridget Bishop (née Playfer) (executed
June 10, 1692)
- Rebecca Nurse (née Towne) (July 19, 1692)
- Sarah Good (formerly Sarah Poole, née
Solart) (July 19, 1692)
- Elizabeth Howe (née Jackson) (July 19,
1692)
- Susannah Martin (née North) (July 19,
1692)
- Sarah Wildes (née Averill) (July 19,
1692)
- George Burroughs (August
19, 1692)
- George Jacobs, Sr. (August
19, 1692)
- Martha Carrier (née Allen) (August
19,1692)
- John
Proctor (August 19, 1692) – husband of Elizabeth Proctor
- John Willard (August 19, 1692)
- Martha Corey (September 22, 1692) –
wife of Giles Corey
- Mary Eastey (née Towne) (September 22,
1692)
- Mary Parker (née Ayer) (September 22,
1692)
- Alice Parker (September
22, 1692)
- Ann Pudeator (September 22, 1692)
- Wilmot Redd (September 22, 1692)
- Margaret Scott (September
22, 1692)
- Samuel Wardwell, Sr. (September 22,
1692)
4. The witch mania began when two girls, (9 year old Betty Parris and
her 11 year old cousin Abigail Williams) tried fortune telling. The two were
staying with Betty’s father, Reverend Samuel Parris. During the winter they and
their friends dabbled with fortune telling by cracking eggs into a glass and
interpreting the shapes that were formed.
5. The social environment was one of strong religious belief.
6. The most infamous trials were conducted by the
Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town.
7. Tituba was the first witch to confess in Salem, and she likely
did it to avoid further punishment. In her confession she apologized for
hurting Betty, claimed she never wanted to hurt Betty, and professed her love
for the child. She also wove a lively tale of an active community of witches in
Salem.
8. Most of the accused lived to the south of, and were generally
better off financially, than most of the accusers. In a number of cases,
accusing families stood to gain property from the convictions of accused
witches. Also, the accused and the accusers generally took opposite sides
in a congregational schism that had split the Salem community before the
outbreak of hysteria. While many of the accused witches supported former
minister George Burroughs, the families that included the accusers had--for the
most part--played leading roles in forcing Burroughs to leave Salem. The
conclusion that many scholars draw from these patterns is that property
disputes and congregational feuds played a major role in determining who lived,
and who died, in 1692.
9. In the decades following the trials, the issues primarily had
to do with establishing the innocence of the individuals who were convicted and
compensating the survivors and families. In the following centuries, the
descendants of those unjustly accused and condemned have sought to honor their
memories. The trials have figured in American culture and been explored in
numerous works of art and literature.
11. He had the names of 205 people known by the secretary of state
to be members of the Communist Party. The number changed when he made speeched
elsewhere.
12. They both deal with the community turning on each other due to
false accusations, in the Salem Witch trails, Abigail is the one accusing other
towns people of there witchcraft, in almost all case's she does not have any
evidence, except the play she puts on for the community, she starts to use fear
to keep people who know the truth from speaking out, and she accuses anyone she
hasn't already if they challenger her and say she's lying. Joseph McCarthyism,
happened when Joseph McCarthy started falsely accusing people of being a
communist, a lot of them lost there jobs and ruined there reputations for the
rest of there life's. Most of the accusations had no proof to back them up and
yet got such main stream publicity by the media that most of the people accused
names where never fully cleared.
13. His accusations began in 1950 and after three long years of
hunting Communists without facts the Army, with the Presidents blessing, put
McCarthy on trial for trying to get a former aide of his better treatment in the
Army. This trial/ hearing were televised for the 36 days it went on and 20
million people watched. The people who watched realized McCarthy was just a
bully and his popularity began to plummet.
14. Author of The Crucible.
15. The Hollywood blacklist was the mid-20th-century
practice of denying employment to screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and other U.S. entertainment
professionals because of their suspected political beliefs or associations. Artists
were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy
with the Communist Party and
refusal to assist investigations into the party's activities
