Tuesday, May 26, 2015

Winter Break Assignment


AP Language(4)

Winter Break Assignment
1. Existentialism  is a term applied to the work of certain late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual.
2. Existence precedes essence, has primacy over essence. Man is a conscious subject, rather than a thing to be predicted or manipulated; he exists as a conscious being, and not in accordance with any definition essence, generalization, or system.
Anxiety or anguish, a generalized uneasiness, a fear or dread which is not directed to
any specific object. Anguish is the dread of the nothingness of human existence.

Absurdity. To exist as a human being is inexplicable, and wholly absurd. Each of us is
simply here, thrown into this time and place—but why now?

Nothingness or the void. If no essences define me, and if, then, as an existentialist, I
reject all of the philosophies, sciences, political theories, and religions which fail to
reflect my existence as conscious being and attempt to impose a specific essentialist
structure upon me and my world, then there is nothing that structures my world. I am my
own existence, but my existence is a nothingness

Death. Nothingness in the form of death, which is my final nothingness, hangs over me
like a sword of Damocles at each moment of my life. Death is my total nonexistence.
Death is as absurd as birth—it is no ultimate, authentic moment of my life, it is nothing
but the wiping out of my existence as conscious being.

Alienation or estrangement. We are hemmed in by a world of things which are opaque to  us and which we cannot understand. We are also estranged from human institutions—bureaucratized government on the federal, state, and local levels, national political parties, giant business corporations, national religious organizations—all of these appear to be vast, impersonal sources of power which a life of their own.

3. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855) is arguably both the father of existentialism and of modern psychology.

4. Jean-Paul Sartre was a French novelist and philosopher who is perhaps most famous for his development and defense of atheistic existential philosophy

5. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was a German philosopher of the late 19th century who challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality.

6.  Christian existentialism is a theo-philosophical movement which takes an existentialist approach to Christian theology. The school of thought is often traced back to the work of the Danish philosopher and theologian Søren kieregaard  (1813–1855), who is considered the father of existentialism.

7. Sartre doesn't believe in object ethics standards like the ethics set up by the church, because each man interprets in his own way what these ethical standards mean.  Kierkegaard was a truly religious man.  He believed that a person was religious  to the degree that he had real faith.  Faith was what determined whether one was religious, not what one thought, not going to church on Sundays.  Our freedom is based on our faith.  If you have ever known people who had no faith, they certainly weren't free people.

8. Albert Camus was the French Algerian philosopher, author and journalist, much renowned worldwide for his contribution in the field of literature. His idea of the absurd marked his first significant contribution to philosophy. He looked it as the result of the desires for clarity and meaning within the world and condition which was completely absent. Albert expressed the same in ‘The Myth of Sisyphus’, followed by ‘The Stranger’ and ‘The Plague’.
9. Albert Camus' idea of morality in 'The Stranger' is completely unconventional and this can be seen through the protagonist who is a total embarrassment to the society in which he finds himself. The irrationality of the universe; the meaninglessness of human life; the importance of the physical world.
10. Algeria, officially People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers. The French ruled Algeria, until they won their independence. A flight form Algiers, Algeria to Los Angeles would take16h 50minutes.
11. The guillotine between 1954 and 1962, only in the city of Algiers and only in the prison of Barbarossa, more than 64 Algerians were sent to the guillotine. Wasn't abolished until the 1980s.
12. Albert Camus's The Stranger inspires the Cures's "Killing an Arab."
13. "Killing An Arab"
Standing on the beach
With a gun in my hand
Staring at the sea
Staring at the sand
Staring down the barrel
At the arab on the ground
I can see his open mouth
But I hear no sound

I'm alive
I'm dead
I'm the stranger
Killing an arab

I can turn
And walk away
Or I can fire the gun
Staring at the sky
Staring at the sun
Whichever I chose
It amounts to the same
Absolutely nothing

I'm alive
I'm dead
I'm the stranger
Killing an arab

I feel the steel butt jump
Smooth in my hand
Staring at the sea
Staring at the sand
Staring at myself
Reflected in the eyes
Of the dead man on the beach
The dead man on the beach

I'm alive
I'm dead
I'm the stranger
Killing an arab
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
14. Groundhog Day, Citizen Kane, The Matrix, and The Truman Show.
Winter Break pt2
1. The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft.  It is 3001 miles away from here and would take 43/44 hours to get there.
2. Witchcraft was considered to be a very bad thing. people who were suspected of witchcraft were thought to be under the control of Satan, with whom they had made a pact. Sometimes things like epidemics of disease in humans or animals, bad harvests, and other misfortunes, were blamed on witchcraft
3.
4. The witch mania began when two girls, (9 year old Betty Parris and her 11 year old cousin Abigail Williams) tried fortune telling. The two were staying with Betty’s father, Reverend Samuel Parris. During the winter they and their friends dabbled with fortune telling by cracking eggs into a glass and interpreting the shapes that were formed.
5. The social environment was one of strong religious belief.
6. The most infamous trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town.
7. Tituba was the first witch to confess in Salem, and she likely did it to avoid further punishment. In her confession she apologized for hurting Betty, claimed she never wanted to hurt Betty, and professed her love for the child. She also wove a lively tale of an active community of witches in Salem.
8. Most of the accused lived to the south of, and were generally better off financially, than most of the accusers.  In a number of cases, accusing families stood to gain property from the convictions of accused witches.  Also, the accused and the accusers generally took opposite sides in a congregational schism that had split the Salem community before the outbreak of hysteria.  While many of the accused witches supported former minister George Burroughs, the families that included the accusers had--for the most part--played leading roles in forcing Burroughs to leave Salem.  The conclusion that many scholars draw from these patterns is that property disputes and congregational feuds played a major role in determining who lived, and who died, in 1692.
9. In the decades following the trials, the issues primarily had to do with establishing the innocence of the individuals who were convicted and compensating the survivors and families. In the following centuries, the descendants of those unjustly accused and condemned have sought to honor their memories. The trials have figured in American culture and been explored in numerous works of art and literature.
10. Joseph Raymond "Joe" McCarthy was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. McCarthyism, coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist activities.
11. He had the names of 205 people known by the secretary of state to be members of the Communist Party. The number changed when he made speeched elsewhere.
12. They both deal with the community turning on each other due to false accusations, in the Salem Witch trails, Abigail is the one accusing other towns people of there witchcraft, in almost all case's she does not have any evidence, except the play she puts on for the community, she starts to use fear to keep people who know the truth from speaking out, and she accuses anyone she hasn't already if they challenger her and say she's lying. Joseph McCarthyism, happened when Joseph McCarthy started falsely accusing people of being a communist, a lot of them lost there jobs and ruined there reputations for the rest of there life's. Most of the accusations had no proof to back them up and yet got such main stream publicity by the media that most of the people accused names where never fully cleared.
13. His accusations began in 1950 and after three long years of hunting Communists without facts the Army, with the Presidents blessing, put McCarthy on trial for trying to get a former aide of his better treatment in the Army. This trial/ hearing were televised for the 36 days it went on and 20 million people watched. The people who watched realized McCarthy was just a bully and his popularity began to plummet.
14. Author of The Crucible.

15. The Hollywood blacklist  was the mid-20th-century practice of denying employment to screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and other U.S. entertainment professionals because of their suspected political beliefs or associations. Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party and refusal to assist investigations into the party's activities



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